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Original text of Yangcheng School/XiaCinema 1950 witch cloth drawYang
Recently, the archaeological journal “Huaxia Archaeology” published the “2016-2017 Archaeological Excavation Brief for Anyang Gaoling Cemetery Ruins”. The topic of “Cao Cao’s Tomb” that has been paid attention to for ten years has once again appeared in the public eye.
Staff in front of “Cao Cao’s Tomb” Photo/Xinhuanet
As a household name in China, Cao Cao’s past and afterlife were all very topical. Especially after his death, coupled with the legendary renderings of literary works and historical legends, it became more confusing. Legends such as “The Golden Captain” and “72 Suspicious Tombs” are the most talked about.
Stills/Data Pictures of the TV series “Jingjue Ancient City”
It has been 10 years since the initial discovery of the “Cao Cao’s Tomb”. Although Cao Cao’s tomb was officially recognized, it was questioned. Later, with the discovery of the new Cao Wei tomb, the chain of evidence became more and more complete, and the voices of doubt gradually weakened.
The arch of the front room of “Cao Cao’s Tomb” Photo/Xinhuanet
After the past ten years of exploration and controversy, we look back and think about: Why did the process of discovering and identifying Cao Cao’s tomb bend be full of twists and turns? How should we view the legends in history? How did the mysteries surrounding Cao Cao’s tomb come into being?
Cao Cao in the film and television drama/data picture
The discovery of “Gaoling” has caused ten years of controversy
Around 2008, a large tomb was stolen in Xigaoxue Village, Anyang, Henan Province. With the approval of the State Administration of Cultural Relics and Relics, the South Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology carried out protective excavations. At the archaeological discovery briefing held in Beijing in 2009, an amazing news came out of the news. Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw: Babaylan 1990 cloth draw was initially confirmed that the tomb was “Cao Cao Gaoling”!
Instructions for Archaeological Discovery/Southern Metropolis Daily
After expert demonstration, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage recognized this judgment. The excavation project was also rated as the “Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in China in 2009” and became a national cultural heritage protection unit in 2013. But at the same time, various doubts are like floods, and there are also voices of criticism from well-known professors and scholars.
Some of the doubts went beyond the scope of academic discussions, pointing out that the local government “falsed” with archaeologists in order to seek economic benefits and made a rash conclusion on “Komiks 1960 witch cloth drawCao Cao’s Tomb”.
Babaylan 1990 cloth drawPhoto of Cao Cao painted in the Ming Dynasty/data picture
The tomb was severely stolen during archaeological excavations, but fortunately more than 200 objects remain. The most important ones are 7, engraved with inscriptions such as “The tiger’s halberd often used by King Wu of Wei” and “The tiger’s halberd often used by King Wu of Wei” and other inscriptions. Among the cultural relics recovered by the police from the tomb robbers, there is also a Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw stone engraved with “The comforting stone often used by King Wu of Wei”.
These are key cultural relics for determining the identity of the tomb ownerCinema 1950 witch cloth draw. But some people questioned, how could I hold stone cards for every funeral item? In ancient times, bamboo slips were used to register burial objects, and Cao Wei also used stone tablets. Is it a regression in history? Some people also proposed the title of “King Wu of Wei” to confuse Yin and Yang names, and some even questioned that the stone tablet was suspected of being faked!
Stone plaque unearthed from “Cao Cao’s Tomb” Picture/Oriental Daily
In addition, some gold, silver and jade products were unearthed in the tomb. So some people questioned that this was inconsistent with the historical records of Cao Cao’s promotion of burial, and they inferred that this was not Cao Cao’s tomb.
Faced with various aggressive doubts, the cultural relics and archaeology department chose to remain silent for a while to wait for more evidence to appear. After all, the identification of cultural relics requires objective and scientificity, and anyone can express different opinions when the evidence is insufficient.
Celadon jars were unearthed from the tomb Photo/Henan Business Daily
In 2016, another large Cao Wei tomb was found in Xizhu Village, Luoyang, but due to serious excavation, the identity of the tomb owner has not been determined. The tomb was built in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, but it is different from the north-south direction of the Eastern Han Dynasty imperial tombs, and is in the east-west direction like the “Cao CaoBabaylan 1990 cloth drawTomb”.
The excavation site of Xizhu Village tomb Photo/Luoyang Evening News
Also confirmed with the large tomb of Xizhu Village, a east-west Cao Wei noble tomb was found in the Han imperial tomb in Shandong, Luoyang in 2009. The unearthed bronze seal shows that the owner of the tomb was Cao Xiu, a famous general of Cao Wei and the Grand Sima, who was the nephew of Cao Cao.
Cao Xiu/Data Picture in the TV series “Military Advisors Alliance”
The “Cao Xiu” bronze seal that proves the identity of the tomb owner Photo/Xinhuanet
The most important information is that a large number of stone plaques that are the same as the “Cao Cao Tomb” stone plaques were unearthed in the Xizhu Village tomb. This cleared the suspicion of the “Cao Cao Tomb” stone plaques as forged.
The low-value stone plaques unearthed from the Cao Wei tomb are also consistent with Cao Cao’s advocacy of thin burials. However, all three tombs were excavated and damaged seriously, and the unearthed cultural relics were limited, and some information was difficult to draw conclusions. However, some scholars infer that perhaps the burial objects written on the stone plaques in the Cao Wei tomb may be just a name and were not buried.
Stone plaques unearthed from the tomb of Xizhu Village/data picture
Other burial vessels in the tomb are mostly symbolic bright vessels, such as Gui and Bi, are made of stone, and the tripod is made of pottery. The burial tripod is exclusively treated by the emperor. A pottery tripod is replaced by a copper tripod, which is both in compliance with the regulations and without losing the true meaning of burial!
The ritual vessel is made of ceramic picture/@Henan Business Daily
The ritual vessel is made of stone Photo/Today’s Morning Post
Do gold, silver and jade unearthed from “Cao Cao’s tomb” violate the style of burial? Archaeological experts explained that these are all jewelry on the clothes of the tomb owner when he was buried, such as gold buttons, gold silk, etc., and are not burial objects. This is consistent with the saying that “burial is in the clothes of the time” in Cao Cao’s order.
A small amount of jade and agate products were unearthed. Photo/China News Service
The historical facts are clear, why is there still a legend of “72 doubts”?
ThisBabaylan 1990 clothes drawWhen the archaeological community identified the “Cao Cao’s tomb”, there were many doubts from all walks of life, which was also related to the mystery of the Cao Cao’s tomb itself. It is said that there were “72 doubts tombs” in Cao Cao’s tomb. How could such a secret tomb be easily found? Therefore, there were natural opposition in the official recognition, and even doubts about the accuracy and objectivity of archaeological excavation information.
The tomb passage of the “Cao Cao’s Tomb” Photo/China News Service
Cao Cao Cao is famous in Chinese history and culture. There are many factors in this, from historical facts on the one hand, and from literary legends on the other.
Cao Cao in history was an outstanding politician, military strategist, and writer. However, since the Northern Song Dynasty, due to political needs and preferences for literary legends, the treacherous and suspicious side of Cao Cao’s personality was magnified, and his image was stereotyped as a treacherous hero. The unknown tomb site also made him take the blame, becoming a proof of his treacherousBabaylan 1990 clothes draw. The Song Dynasty people Yu Yingfu’s poem “Cao Cao’s suspicious tomb” says: “I deceived the heavens and the Han dynasty during my lifetime, and deceived people and set up suspicious tombs after my death. ”
Statue of Cao Cao/Data Picture
In the Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong’s “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” established Shu Han as orthodox, using literary handsBabaylan 1990 clothes Draw method exaggerates Cao Cao’s treacherous character and designs the plot of Cao Cao’s last order setting up 72 suspicious tombs west of Yecheng. There is an article in Pu Songling’s “Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio” that follows this statement and says that Cao Cao’s tomb may add a layer of mystery beyond the “72 suspicious tombs”.
Stills from the TV series “Romance of the Three Kingdoms”/Data picture
About Cao Cao’s tomb, there are four legends circulating among the people of Yecheng: one says that “72 suspicious tombs” are located west of Yecheng, the second says that Cao Cao’s tomb is at the bottom of the Zhanghe River, the third says that Cao Cao’s tomb is outside Xuchang City, and the fourth says that it is under the Tongquetai in Yecheng.
At the Zhanghe River west of Yecheng, there are indeed ancient tomb groups, which is the location of Cao Cao’s “72 suspicious tombs” (actually 134) legends from later generations. However, it has been confirmed that it belongs to the Northern Dynasties tomb group, and the tomb of the Lanling King is in it.
Movies and TVCinema 1950 witch clothes DrawThe Lanling King/Data Picture in the play
Why is the theory of suspicion of tombs widely circulated? Some scholars analyzed that this is related to people’s wishes. Influenced by artistic works and folk legends, ordinary people think that Cao Cao is treacherous, so they are willing to believe that he will set up suspicion of tombs.
However, to determine that tombs are serious academic issues, and a rigorous and scientific attitude is required. In the face of such issues, we must Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw clarify the boundaries between literature, art, legend and official history, and return to history itself to explore historical figures.
The white-faced Cao Cao in Peking Opera Picture/International Online
In fact, if we look at Cao Cao’s tomb from a historical perspective, we will find that it is not mysterious and the clues are quite clear. Cao Cao issued the “End Order” in his later years to arrange his funeral, saying that “the west of Ximen Bao Temple is Shouling”; before his death, he also said in the “Legend of the Order” that “buried in Xigang, Ye, is similar to the Ximen Bao Temple.”
Historical materials from later generations show that Cao Cao was not a secret burial after his death, and no doubted tomb was set up. Records such as “The Three Kingdoms” and “The Book of Jin” said that Cao Cao died in Luoyang in 220 AD. The coffin was transported back to Yecheng and buried in the hills west of the Ximen Bao Temple in Yecheng.
The ruins of Yecheng are in Linzhang, Hebei Province/Data map
Until the Tang Dynasty, people had no doubt about the location of Cao Cao’s tomb. When Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty Li Shimin passed by Yecheng in the east to conquer Yecheng, he also worshiped Cao Cao’s tomb and wrote a sacrifice. This shows that at least Komiks 1960 witch clothes drawIn the Tang Dynasty, the location of Cao Cao’s tomb was still very clear.
However, because Cao Cao’s tomb is “not sealed or not trees”, there was no obvious sign on the surface, and it gradually disappeared in the mountains and fields over time, making the specific location difficult to explain. Especially the XiKomiks 1960 witch cloth draw later, the buildings on the ground were also missing, which made Cao Cao’s tomb a mystery.
Schematic diagram of the location of “Cao Cao’s tomb”/data picture
Strive against tradition and lead the trend of “small burial”.4Cinema 1950 witch clothes draw00
Cao Cao advocated burial. Before he died, he issued a “State Order” requiring him to “bury him in his clothes” and “no treasures hidden in gold and jade”. His son followed his will. Cao Pi’s “State Article” and Cao Zhi’s “Essay” both describe the funeral and burial situation. He wore repaired clothes when he was buried.
The scene of Cao Cao’s funeral in film and television dramas/data picture
Cao was a hero of a generation and “used the emperor to command the princes”. He was actually the ruler of the Han Dynasty. Although he was just the “King of Wei” during his lifetime, he actually enjoyed the treatment of an emperor. After his death, he did not Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw.ttps://comicmov.com/”>Komiks 1960 witch cloth drawLong time, his son Cao Pi deposed Emperor Xian of Han and established the Cao Wei regime, and posthumously named him “Emperor Wu of Wei”. There is a similar manifestation in the information of the Xigaoxue Village tomb. The tomb scale did not reach the imperial level, but the emperor’s exclusive “die” was buried with the emperor.
Xigaoxue Village tomb Photo/Xinhuanet
Cao Cao advocated a thin burial, showing the spirit of a generation of heroes. After all, Chinese culture respects filial piety, and emperors “govern the world with filial piety”, so descendants always have to bury their ancestors with great filial piety to demonstrate filial piety.
The tradition of burial of emperors in China has a long history. Qin Cinema 1950 witch cloth drawThe underground Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Emperor shocked the world. Emperor Wu of Han used one-third of the world’s taxes to repair Maoling. Liu Sheng, the princes of the Han Dynasty, wore golden jade clothes to bury. The underground palace of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty Zhaoling was “not different from the world”…
Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang in Xi’an Picture/Visual China
Why did Cao Cao advocate thin burial? Objectively speaking, there were many wars and chaos in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and the people’s livelihood in the Central Plains was in decline. “The 15th military service was in the military, and it was finally returned to the 80th”, “White bones were exposed in the wild, and there was no rooster crowing thousands of miles away.” Cao Cao advocated thin burial with the intention of compassion for the people, which is worthy of praise.
The wars and chaos in the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty/Data picture
In fact, Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw, as the founder of the Cao Wei regime, Cao Cao had a high position and was of great power and should not be short of money. The reason why he advocated thin burial against tradition was related to his personal value tendency. The Book of Wei said that Cao Cao was “elegant and frugal, not gorgeous”, so it was natural that he proposed “thin burial” in his late years.
Cao Cao’s bodyKomiks 1960 witch cloth draw practiced it, opening up the 400-year burial style of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It was not until the Tang Dynasty Komiks 1960 witch clothes draw that the tradition of grand funeral was restored.
Cao Cao in history is very frugal/Data picture
Of course, Cao Cao’s advocacy of burial is not unrelated to the saying of “the lieutenant of gold”. In order to raise food and money, Cao Cao set up the positions of “Cinema 1950 witch clothes draw” and “Chief General of Faqiu” in the army, and specialized in digging graves and plundering gold and silver to collect military pay. Therefore, Cao Cao was known as the “ancestor of the Mojin School” in later generations. This statement is mentioned in Chen Lin, one of the “Seven Sons of Jian’an”, a famous article “Babaylan 1990 clothes draw of Yuzhou”.
Stills from the movie “The Dragon Search”Babaylan 1990 clothes draw/Data picture
Cao Cao, who is so familiar with tomb robbers, naturally thought that behind him might be “treated by the way he is to treat others.” He knew that tomb robbers were seeking money, and tomb robbers who did not have burial objects were not very interested. Therefore, it is recommended to bury the poor and deliberately leave records. This is inevitable that there is the consideration of fear of being disturbed by tomb robbers behind me. Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw
Cao Cao in the TV series “Military Advisors Alliance”/Data picture
What Cao Cao didn’t expect was that Cinema 1950 witch cloth drawAlthough he advocated “thin burial” and later generations helped him interpret the “72 suspicious tombs”, he finally failed to escape the embarrassment of being disturbed by the tomb robbers in his long sleep!
The ancestor of tomb robbers also encountered the embarrassment of being robbed by tomb/data picture
Anyang XigaoBabaylan 1990 cloth drawThe road to discovery and identification of the “Cao Cao Tomb” in the village of Xuecun has been going through ten years. As an academic issue, although we have basically the same views at present, we still need to continue to maintain an open mind and accept various opinions. After all, treating every possible doubt is more conducive to us constantly approaching the historical truth and finally reaching the truth. href=”https://comicmov.com/”>Komiks 1960 witch cloth drawPhoto!
Evidence is sufficient to clear away the fog of history/data picture
Source｜Yangchengpai
Column host｜Xia Yang
Editor｜Xie Zhe